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The Politics Shed- A Free Text Book for all students of Politics.

The Politics A level Shed
The Politics Shed
  • Welcome to the Politics Shed
    • Government & Politics A and AS Level
      • UNIT 1 Politics in the UK (Year 12 & 13)
        • Democracy and Participation
          • civil liberties
          • Democracy
          • democratic deficit
          • Franchise/Suffrage
          • Human Rights
          • Legitimacy
          • Lobbyists
          • Lobbyists
          • Participation crisis
          • Pluralist democracy
          • Representative democracy
          • Rights and Participation
          • Think Tanks
          • How well are Rights protected in the UK?
          • Abu Qatada
          • TPims
          • TPims
          • Case study : The Electoral Reform Society and voter ID
          • Case study : Liberty and vaccine passports
          • Case study : the 3million and local voting rights for EU citizens
          • Collective and Individual Rights
          • The Joint Committee on Human Rights
          • Hirst v UK
          • How effective are the judiciary at protecting civil rights in the UK (30) E
        • Electoral Systems
          • Different Voting Systems used in the UK
          • Electoral Reform
          • Evaluation of why different voting systems are used in the UK
          • First Past the Post
          • Referendums and how they are used
          • Regional List
          • Single Transferable Vote
          • Supplementary Vote
          • Thde case for and against using referendums
          • The effect of different voting systems
          • The function of elections
          • 2014 Independence Referendum Scotland
          • The 2019 Election result using different voting systems
          • Greater London Assembly
          • Michael Oakeshott
          • Elections Act 2022
          • Is Digital Democracy the answer?
          • STV in Scottish Local Elections
        • Political Parties
          • Advice on AS 30 mark Questions
          • Consensus and Adversarial Politics
          • Left Wing / Right Wing
          • Minor Parties
          • Old Labour New Labour
          • One Nation Conservatism
          • Party Systems
          • Political Parties- functions and funding
          • UK Political Parties in context
          • UK Political Parties in context
          • UK Political Parties The main three
          • The Conservative Party
          • UK Political Parties The main three
          • The Conservative Party
          • The Conservative Party
          • The development of a multi-party system
          • The election of 1997
          • The Liberal Party
          • The role of Parties, campaigns and leaders in electoral success
          • Exam Question Minor Parties
          • Conservative Party Factions
          • One-party systems
          • Two-party systems
          • Dominant-party systems
          • Multiparty systems
          • Case Study: Rwanda Bill and Conservative Party Factions
          • Party Agenda
          • Political Parties in the USA
        • Voting behaviour and the Media
          • Case Studies of Three Elections
          • Class dealignment
          • Governing competency
          • Issue Voting
          • Issue Voting
          • Long term Influences on voting: Class
          • Manifest & Mandate
          • Media Bias
          • Media theories : 'salience’ and ‘valance'
          • Partisan Dealignment
          • Question 1 A level Paper 1
          • Short term factors which explain election results
          • Tactical Voting
          • The Influence of the media
          • Turnout/Disillusion and Apathy
          • The Election of 1945
          • The Election of 1979
          • The election of 1997
          • The Election of 2017
          • The Election of 2019
          • Why Social Media is ruining political discourse
          • How to answer an Edexcel source question on voting behaviour
          • Case study Mr Bates v The Post Office
          • How the election affected policy-making
          • The Election of 2015
          • The Role of the Media
          • media Bias USA
        • Year 13 A2 Core Political Ideas
          • Conservatism
          • Liberalism
          • Socialism
          • Benjamin Disraeli
          • Collectivism
          • Common Humanity
          • Common Ownership
          • Debates about equality
          • Differences and conflict within Conservatism
          • Differences and conflict within Liberalsim
          • Differences and conflict within Socialism
          • Edmund Burke
          • Equality
          • Equality and Social Justice
          • Foundational Equality / Formal Equality
          • Friedrich Hayek
          • Human Imperfection
          • Human Nature
          • Important Conservative thinkers
          • Important Liberal thinkers
          • Important Socialist thinkers
          • Individualism
          • Keynsianism
          • Laissez Faire
          • Laissez Faire
          • Liberal Democracy
          • Libertarianism
          • Liberty
          • Main ideas of Conservatism
          • Main ideas of Liberalism
          • Main ideas of Socialism
          • Mechanistic Theory
          • Mechanistic Theory
          • Meritocracy
          • Michael Oakeshott 1901-1990
          • Mrs Whitehouse
          • Negative Freedom and Egoistical Individualism
          • Neo conservatism
          • Neo Liberalism
          • New Right
          • noblesse oblige
          • One Nation Conservatism
          • Organic Society
          • Paternalism
          • Positive Freedom and Developmental Individualism
          • Pragmatism
          • Pragmatism
          • Rationalism
          • Revolutionary Socialism
          • Robert Nozick
          • Social Class
          • Social Class
          • Social Conservatism
          • Social Democracy
          • Society
          • The Economy
          • The Social Contract
          • The State
          • The State: A necessary evil
          • Third Way
          • Thomas Hobbs
          • Tolerance
          • Tradition
          • Utilitarianism
          • Utilitarianism
          • Workers Control
          • Anthony Crosland
          • Ayn Rand 1905-1982
          • Beatrice Webb
          • Betty Friedan1921−2006
          • Conservative view of human imperfection
          • Edmund Burke
          • Friedrich Hayek
          • John Locke 1632-1704
          • John Rawls 1921-2002
          • John Stuart Mill 1806-73
          • Karl Marx
          • Mary Wollstonecraft 1759 1797
          • Michael Oakeshott 1901-1990
          • Neo Liberalsim
          • Neoconservatism
          • Robert Nozick
          • Rosa Luxemburg
          • The New Right
          • Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
          • Populism
          • Modern Liberalsim
          • Origins of Liberalism
          • Origins of Socialism
          • To what extent do Conservatives agree about the role of the state?
          • Marx's Vision of Equality
          • In 2001 Roy Hattersley Objects to Blair's vision of meritocracy
          • Asset based Egalitarianism
          • Liberalism & Human Nature
          • government, the free market, the individual
          • Society
          • The economy
          • The debate about the nature of socialism
          • Anarcho-syndicalism
          • The history of Conservatism
          • Case study: Tim Dunn and Farris Wilks
        • Minor Parties
        • The Crisis of Democracy
        • Case study: The British Columbia Electoral Reform Referendum
        • Source Question: Electoral Reform
        • Conservative Party Factions
        • Do political parties help or hinder representative democracy?
        • Types of participation
        • Party Structures
      • How to answer an Edexcel exam question on socialism
      • How to answer a source question Edexcel UK politics, papers 1 and 2
      • How to write an essay on socialism and common humanity
    • Video Lessons
    • Democracy : What is democracy?
    • Lesson 1 Democracy
    • Knowledge check lesson 1 Answers
    • Lesson 2 A history of the Franchise
    • 2021 May Local and Regional Elections UK
    • Biden's 100 Days
    • Devolution and the Pandemic
    • Unit 3 Global Politics
    • Theories of International Relations
    • Significant Realist Thinkers
    • Realism
    • Liberalism
    • Key Liberal Thinkers
    • The State and Globalisation
    • The McDonaldization of Society
    • Jihad vs McWorld
    • Global Governance: Political and Economic
    • Debate: Relative and Absolute gains
    • The United Nations UN
    • How the UN is Organised
    • World Health Organisation
    • History of the UN
    • The state: nation states and national sovereignty
    • Globalisation
    • History of the Nation State
    • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
    • Global Governance: Human Rights and Environmental 1
    • Human rights
    • Problems and Controversies in Human Rights
    • Why did humanitarian intervention increase during the 1990s?
    • Environmental
    • The Tragedy of the Commons
    • Why is international cooperation so difficult to achieve?
    • Time Line of major initiatives on the environment
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    • Theorists of Green Politics
    • The International Monetary Fund
    • The World Bank
    • The Bretton Woods' System
    • Permanent War Economy
    • The World Trade Organization (WTO)
    • Theories of Global Governance
    • The G7 ,G8 & G 20
    • Power and Developments
    • The use and eff ectiveness of types of power
    • Differing significance of states in global affairs and how – and why – state p
    • Superpowers
    • Great powers
    • Joseph Nye
    • Emerging powers
    • Polarity
    • Case Study in Soft Power: Vaccine Diplomacy
    • Unipolarity
    • Is China a Super Power?
    • Capabilities
    • The organisation and structure of UK Parties.
    • Bipolarity
    • Multipolarity
    • Consideration of changing nature of world order since 2000
    • Case Study America's War in Iraq
    • Power Relationships
    • Power Structures
    • Different systems of government
    • Development and spread of liberal economies, the rule of law, and democracy
    • Impact of world order on conflict, poverty, human rights and the environment
    • Regionalism and the EU
    • Different Forms of Regionalism
    • Debates about and the reasons and significance of regionalism
    • Development of regional organisations, excluding the EU
    • Factors that have fostered European integration and the major developments
    • Developments in Regionalism
    • Case Study: African Regionalism
    • Case Study ; Asian Regionalism
    • Case Study: Regionalism in the Americas
    • Federalism, Functionalism and Neo Functionalism
    • Is the |Euro a good idea?
    • The ways and extent to which regionalism addresses and resolves contemporar
    • State egoism and conflict
    • Statecraft and the national interest
    • International anarchy and its implications
    • Polarity, stability and the balance of power
    • Interdependence liberalism
    • Republican liberalism
    • Liberal institutionalism
    • Marxism, neo-Marxism and critical theory
    • SOCIAL THEORY AND CONSTRUCTIVISM
    • Poststructuralism
    • Feminism
    • Postcolonialism
    • Positioning Iraq in the Metanarrative of the ‘War on Terror’
    • Voting Behaviour
    • Case Study The European Political Community
    • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
    • Lesson 3 Pressure Groups
    • The Security Council (UNSC)
    • Case study The Niger Coup and ECOWAS
    • Case study War in Ukraine
    • How to answer 12 Mark Question on Paper 3 US and UK Comparative Politics
    • How to write an essay on the WTO
    • ‘Evaluate the view that the EU has become a superpower, comparable with the
    • Edexcel A Level & AS Level
    • Essays, Exams and Advice.
    • AQA A Level
    • Government and politics of the UK
    • redress of grievances
    • Primus Inter Pares
    • Policy Making
    • Personal convictions of the prime minister/party leader
    • The Chartists
    • Palestine
    • Political Ideas AQA
    • Liberalism: Society and Economy
    • Classical Liberalism
    • Thomas Hill Green
    • To what extent do modern and classical liberals agree over the role of the
    • Marxism, class analysis and fundamental goals of socialism
    • Government and politics of the USA and comparative politics
    • typologies of pressure groups: USA
    • methods and tactics used by pressure groups to influence decision-making
    • Which are more powerful: pressure groups or political parties? USA
    • The Civil Rights movement USA.
    • freedom of speech
    • Evaluate the view that a trend away from globalisation and regionalism woul
    • Case study:Impeachment of AlejandroMayorkas
    • Lesson 5 Parties
    • Fischer v. U.S.:
    • How Congress Works: Videos
    • Case study: The US limits China's access to chip technology
    • Case Study: Taiwan
    • Case Study Sudan
    • Feminism and Globalisation
    • Is Globalisation over?
    • The creation of AUKUS as a reaction to China and BRICS
    • How to answer 24 mark core ideologies questions in Edexcel A-level politics
    • Trump turns away from soft power
    • Is an isolationist America a bad thing?
    • Does economic globalization promote prosperity and opportunity for all?
  • US Party structure & Organisation
  • The General Election 2024
  • Politics Podcast List
  • Contents
  • AQA Questions and Advice
  • AQAExplain and analyse three ways that the view of human nature is signific
  • Candidates and personal qualities US Elections
  • Media in US Politics
  • AQA 25 Mark essay Impact of the Judiciary 2022 Paper 1
  • Case Study Rishi Sunak
  • AP US Government and Politics
  • Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
  • Unit 5: Political Participation
  • 5.13 Changing Media
  • 5.12 The Media
  • 5.11 Campaign Finance
  • 5.10 Modern Campaigns
  • 5.9 Congressional Elections
  • 5.8 Electing a President
  • 5.7 Groups Influencing Policy Outcomes
  • The MAGA Movement
  • 5.6 Interest Groups Influencing Policy Making
  • 5.5 Third-Party Politics
  • 5.4 How and Why Political Parties Change and Adapt
  • 5.3 Political Parties
  • 5.2 Voter Turnout
  • 5.1 Voting Rights and Models of Voting Behavior
  • Unit 4: American Political Ideologies and Beliefs
  • 4.10 Ideology and Social Policy
  • School Vouchers
  • 4.9 Ideology and Economic Policy
  • 4.8 Ideology and Policy Making
  • 4.7 Ideologies of Political Parties
  • 4.6 Evaluating Public Opinion Data
  • 4.5 Measuring Public Opinion
  • 4.4 Influence of Political Events on Ideology
  • 4.3 Changes in Ideology
  • 4.2 Political Socialization
  • 4.1 American Attitudes About Government and Politics
  • Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
  • 3.13 Affirmative Action
  • 3.12 Balancing Minority and Majority Rights
  • TOPIC 3.11 Government Responses to Social Movements
  • 3.10 Social Movements and Equal Protection
  • Dr. Martin Luther King’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail
  • 3.9 Amendments: Due Process and the Right to Privacy
  • 3.8 Amendments: Due Process and the Rights of the Accused
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
  • 3.7 Selective Incorporation
  • 3.6 Amendments: Balancing Individual Freedom with Public Order and Safety
  • 3.5 Second Amendment: Right to Bear Arms
  • McDonald v. City of Chicago
  • TOPIC 3.4 First Amendment: Freedom of the Press
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971
  • 3.3 First Amendment: Freedom of Speech
  • Schenck v. United States (1919)
  • 3.2 First Amendment: Freedom of Religion
  • Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
  • Engel v. Vitale (1962)
  • 3.1 The Bill of Rights
  • Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government
  • 2.15 Policy and the Branches of Government
  • 2.14 Holding the Bureaucracy Accountable
  • 2.13 Discretionary and Rule-Making Authority
  • TOPIC 2.13 Discretionary and Rule-Making Authority
  • 2.12 The Bureaucracy
  • Issuing fines
  • Political Appointments US Civil Service
  • Case study: 'Drain the swamp'
  • civil service, and merit system
  • The federal bureaucracy
  • 2.11 Checks on the Judicial Branch
  • 2.10 The Court in Action
  • 2.9 Legitimacy of the Judicial Branch
  • 2.8 The Judicial Branch
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803)
  • Federalist No. 78
  • Presidential Communication
  • Expansion of Presidential Power
  • Federalist No. 70
  • Twenty-Second Amendment,
  • Checks on the Presidency
  • Roles and Powers of the President
  • 2.3 Congressional Behavior
  • Divided Government
  • Shaw v. Reno (1993)
  • Baker v. Carr (1962)
  • 2.2 Structures, Powers, and Functions of Congress
  • Number of chamber and debate rules that set the bar high for building major
  • Party leadership in Congress
  • 2.1 Congress: The Senate and the House of Representatives
  • Congress: formality of debate
  • Passing a federal budget, raising revenue, and coining money
  • The Constitution, including such principles as the separation of powers and
  • Federalism in Action
  • United States v Lopez
  • Same sex Marriage and Federalism
  • Constitutional Interpretations of Federalism
  • Relationship Between the States and Federal Government
  • Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
  • Principles of American Government
  • Federalist No. 51
  • McCulloch v Maryland
  • Government Power and Individual Rights
  • Brutus No 1
  • Types of Democracy
  • Federalist 10
  • 1 Ideals of Democracy
  • Republicanism
  • popular sovereignty
  • Challenges of the Articles of Confederation
  • The Articles of Confederation
  • Constitutional Monarchy
  • Alternative Vote
  • House of Lords Scandals
  • How important are Votes of No Confidence?
  • How effective has parliamentary scrutiny been during the COVID-19 crisis?
  • Examine the ways in which the Supreme Courts in the USA and the UK differ i
  • Exam Papers
  • Paper 1 Questions 2019 -2024
  • Paper 1 Questions 2019-2023
  • Paper 3 USA Essay Questions
  • How to write essays
  • Unit 3 USA and Comparative Essays
  • Tufton Steet The UK's 'K' Street
  • June 2019
  • Mark Scheme 2019
  • Case Study Boris Johnson
  • Case Study Liz Truss
  • Reshuffle Sept 2021 Boris wields the axe
  • Site Map
  • 'Congress has become the least powerful branch of government' Discuss
  • 2016 US Elections results and significance
  • A wider Franchise- History of voting rights UK
  • current move to extend the franchise
  • Additional Member System
  • A gameable electoral system? The Additional Member System in Scotland
  • Advantages and Disadvantages
  • 1975 Referendum UK
  • Untitled page
  • AV Referendum 2011
  • Referendum in N Ireland 1998
  • North East Regional Assembly Referendum 2004
  • The EU Referendum 2016
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of the Amendment Process
    • The evolving House of Lords
  • Advantages and disadvantages of the electoral college
  • Issues in US Elections
  • Advice on A level Paper 2 Question 2 (30 marks)
    • 2016 Election
  • Affirmative Action
  • Fisher v Texas (2013)
  • America the Failed State?
  • An evaluation of the Constitution- Is it a successful experiment?
  • Anthony Giddens
  • Anti Colonial Nationalism
  • Appointment of Members of the Supreme Court
  • Are midterm elections a referendum on the president?
  • 2022 Midterm Elections
  • Are PMs becoming more presidential?
  • Are PMs becoming more presidential?
  • Are pressure groups becoming more significant?
  • social capital
  • corporatism
  • Are Pressure Groups good for democracy?
  • Insider and Outsider Pressure Groups
  • Case study: The National Trust
  • Case study Extinction Rebellion
  • Case study Act for the Act
  • Sock Puppet Pressure Groups
  • Are the constitutional reforms started in 1997 finished?
  • Are US Interest Groups good for democracy?
  • Limits and constraints on Interest Groups USA
  • Black Lives Matter
  • Arguments for and against a codified constitution
  • Case study Party-gate-A constitutional Crisis
  • The UKs Flexible Constituion has had its day. Bronwen Maddox FT
  • AS Question 2 Advice
  • Bipartisanship
  • Cabinet Committees
  • Campaign Finance
  • Case studies Major and Blair
  • Case study Bathroom Bills and ACLU
  • Case study gerrymandering
  • Case Study Gun Control
  • Case study John Major
  • Case study Marijuana
  • Case Study Mrs Thatcher
  • Thatcherism
  • Case Study Policy Group The League of Conservation Voters (LCV)
  • Case Study Policy Networks, professional lobbyists and politicians
  • Trumps First Term Selected highlights
  • Case Study Professional Group AFL-CIO
  • Case Study Social Policy
  • Case Study The Common Agricultural Policy
  • Case study The conservative agenda of the Roberts Court
  • Feminism
  • Feminism & Human Nature
  • Feminism and the State
  • Feminism and Society
  • Feminism and the Economy
  • The reserve army of labour
  • Is Barbie a feminist movie?
  • Significant Feminist Thinkers
  • bell hooks (1952– 2021)
  • Kate Millett (1934– )
  • Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)
  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)
  • The Main Ideas of Feminism
  • Different types of feminism
  • Conflicts within Feminism
  • The History of Feminism
  • Intersectionality
  • Equality feminism and Difference feminism
  • The Personal is Political
  • Case study ME TOO
  • Patriarchy
  • sex and gender
  • Sheila Rowbotham
  • The History of Feminism
  • Case study Jones v. Mississippi
  • Case study The decline of Affirmative Action
  • New Yorker : The Rise and Fall of Affirmative Action
  • Case study The Nevada Caucus 2016
  • Case study The nominations of Alito and Garland
  • Case study The Republican Invisible Primary 2015
  • Case study The struggle over Brexit
  • Case Study Theresa May
  • Case Study Tony Blair
  • Case Study: Fisheries Policy
  • Case Study: Hitler's racialist theories
  • Case Study: The 2016 nominations Democrat and Republican
  • Cases studies of Pressure Groups
  • Can’t pay, won’t pay
  • Changes since 2015
  • Charles Maurras (1868-1952
  • Chauvinistic Nationalism
  • checks and balances
  • Noncompliance
  • Case study: Congress can limit the Supreme Court.
  • Citizens United v FEC 2010
  • Civic Nationalism
  • Civic v Cultural
  • Coalition Reforms 2010-15
  • Collective Responsibility
  • Committees in Congress 'The Engine room'
  • holds and unanimous consent in the senate
  • Common Law
  • Comparative Approaches UK and USA
  • Comparative Models,
  • Congress
    • The powers of the House and Senate compared
  • The Party System in Congress
  • The Speaker
  • Case study the removal of Kevin McCarthy
  • Comparison: Parliament & Congress
  • Three major challenges legislatures face in the 21st century: executive dom
  • Congressional Committees 'The engine room'
  • House Rules Committee
  • Congressional Elections
  • Conservatism
  • Conservative Nationalism
  • Washington Post- Putinism
  • Constitution
  • constitution is flexible
  • Conventions
  • Criticisms of the Constitution
  • Culturalism
  • Current systems of representative and direct democracy
    • Should voting be made compulsory
  • Functions of democracy
  • Is Democracy in danger?
  • Problems with Democracy
  • DC v Heller 2008
  • Developments in devolution
  • Case study The Gender Recognition Bill and Devolution
  • The Sewel Convention
  • Devolution
  • The Impact of Devolution
  • Has devolution been a success?
  • Devolution
  • Devolution in England
  • The West Lothian Question
  • Devolution in N Ireland
  • Devolution in Scotland
  • Devolution in Wales
  • Different types of Nationalism
  • direct democracy
  • direct democracy
  • Direct Democracy USA
  • US states vote to protect reproductive rights
  • Dual Presidency Theory
  • Elections,Parties and Pressure Groups
  • Case Study US Election 2020
  • TV Debates
  • National Party Conventions
  • Comparison: Parties UK & USA
  • Comparison: Pressure Groups UK & USA
  • Comparison: Elections UK & USA
  • Why Biden won Atlantic Magazine
  • Primaries and Caucuses
  • Case study 2020 Primaries & Caucuses
  • Electoral Reform
  • Essay plan: 'Evaluate the view that the constituion no longer does the job for which it was intended' (30 marks)
  • European Courts
  • Evaluate the view :
  • Evaluate the view :That the US Constitution is anti democratic
  • Evaluate the view that the US is no longer a federal state'
  • EVEL English Votes for English Laws
  • Example AS Question on the Constitution
  • Example Vincent Viola and Scott Pruitt appointments
  • Executive Orders
  • Expansionist Nationalism
  • Factors affecting voting in Congress
  • The Bill of Rights
  • Factors which influence a PM's relationship with the Cabinet
  • Factortame
  • Federalism
  • Filibuster
  • Fixed term Parliaments
  • Formal sources of presidential power in the US Constitution
  • Unitary Executive Theory
  • Freedom of Information Act
  • Garcia
  • Gender,Age,Ethnicity and Region
  • General Election 2019
  • Gerrymandering
  • Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
  • Governing the UK
  • Anarchism
  • Anarchist thinkers and their ideas
  • Max Stirner (1806-1856)
  • Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
  • Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876)
  • Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921)
  • Emma Goldman (1869-1940)
  • Different types of anarchism
  • Collectivist anarchism
  • Case Study: Christiania Anarchist Commune
  • INDIVIDUALIST ANARCHISM
  • Anarchism: core ideas and principles
  • Anarchism : & Society
  • Anarchism: Rejection of organised religion
  • Anachism: Direct Action
  • Mutualism
  • Anarchism & Human Nature
  • Anarchism: Utopianism
  • Anarchism: Economic Freedom
  • Anarchy is Order
  • Anarchism: Liberty
  • Anarchism: Power & Authority
  • Proudhon
  • Bakunin
  • Rejection of the Government State
  • Grover Norquist's Tax Payer Protection
  • Gun control
  • Has it become harder for the government to control Parliament?
  • House and Senate size and elections
  • House of Commons Reform
  • Parliamentary Standards
  • Owen Patterson
  • Case Study:
  • House of Lords Reform
  • Hereditary Peers
  • How effectively have recent presidents achieved their aims?
  • The American Rescue Plan
  • How elections work in the USA
  • How important is the pick for Vice President
  • The main characteristics of American election campaigns
  • Elections and the Constitution
  • How flexible is the US Constitution?
  • The Necessary and Proper Clause
  • How important are minor parties
  • How laws are made in the UK -The legislative process
  • How the Constitution has changed
  • How the Constitution was written
  • How the EU works
  • How well does Parliament fulfill its functions?
  • Scandals
  • Back Bench Business Committee
  • Human Rights Act
  • Impact of the Lords
  • Case study The Rwanda Bill
  • Case study The Internal Market Bill
  • Case study The Illegal Immigration Bill
  • Case study The Crime and Sentencing Bill 2022
  • Inclusive v Exclusive
  • Incumbency
  • Individual Ministerial Responsibility
  • Ian Duncan Smith
  • The Crichel Down Affair 1954
  • Informal sources of presidential power and their use
  • Initiation of Legislation
  • Integral Nationalism
  • Interest Groups in the USA
  • social movements & Protest movements
  • A TYPOLOGY OF INTEREST GROUPS USA
  • COLLECTIVE ACTION AND FREE RIDING US Interest Groups
  • Internationalism
  • Interpretations & debates of the US Supreme Court & civil rights
  • Power of federal agencies Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentle
  • Case Study US supreme court in ‘crisis of legitimacy
  • United States vs Nixon
  • Texas vs Johnston (1989)
  • Supreme Court to rule if Trump can run for president
  • Bush v Gore
  • What are the chances of reforming the Supreme Court?
  • Shadow Dockets
  • Interpretations and Debates
  • How Representative is the US Congress ?
  • Represention and governance Discussion
  • Republican partisanship
  • Interpretations and debates around the US Constitution and federalism
  • Polarisation is dividing America State by State
  • Interpretations and debates of the US Presidency
  • Has Trump changed the Presidency?
  • Theories of Presidetial Power
  • The Impossible Presidency
  • The Imperilled Presidency
  • The Post Modern Presidency
  • Interpretations and debates of US democracy and participation
    • How important are minor parties
    • Two Party Dominance USA
  • Iron Triangles
  • Is Congress the broken Branch?
  • House votes to censure and remove Gosar from committees over violent video
  • Scandals Congress since 2010
  • Is the constitution too rigid?
  • Is the Presidency Imperial or Imperilled?
  • A short history of the Imperial Presidency (with examples)
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
  • John Hart Chapter on the Presidency
  • Judicial Activism
  • Judicial Independence
    • Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)
  • When is Judicial independence threatened?
  • Judicial Independence
  • Judicial Neutrality
  • Judicial Restraint
  • Judicial Review
  • Judicial Review
  • The Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022
  • The Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022
  • Judicial Review
  • Key ideas and principles of the Democratic and Republican parties.
  • Values of the Republicans and Democrats
  • Party Factions USA
  • Key ideas of nationalism
  • Nationalism & The Economy
  • Nationalism: The State & Society
  • Nationalism & Human Nature
  • Kilmuir Rules
  • Labour Reforms 1997-2010
  • Labour Reforms 1997-2010
  • Legacy of Racism
  • Legislation
  • Legislation How laws are made
  • Legislative Committees (the committee stage)
  • Legislative Committees (the committee stage)
  • Legitimacy
  • Liberal Nationalism
  • Liberalism :Check List for Edexel Unit 1
  • Liberty
  • Limitations on the power of PMs
  • limited government
  • limited government
  • Lobbying the House
  • Geoffrey Cox
  • Lobbying the Senate
  • Lobbying the Senate
  • Lobbyists
  • Case study: Elon Musk
  • Lobbyists
  • mandate
  • mandate
  • Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)
  • Means available to the President
  • Mid -Term Elections
  • Ministerial questions and Prime Minister's Questions
  • Nation State
  • Nationalism
  • Recent Developments in Nationalism
  • Primordialism
  • Nationalism in Depth
  • Nationalism in History
  • Nationalist Thinkers
  • The Clash of Civilisations
  • Nations
  • Nations
  • State & Minority Nationalism
  • New Federalism Explained
  • New York Times Article Nuclear Arms Deal
  • NFIB v Sebelius 2012
  • noblesse oblige
  • Norton's Typology of legislatures
  • Obergefell v Hodges 2015
  • On Nation Conservatism
  • Originalism
  • Oversight
  • Power of the Purse
  • The January 6th Committee
  • PACs and Super PACs
  • Parliament
  • Parliament
  • Parliament's ability to remove governments
  • Parliament's effectiveness at Scrutiny
  • Parliament's influence over legislation
  • Parliamentary Committees
  • Select Committees and Civil Servants
  • Parliamentary Sovereignty
  • Parochialism
  • Participation, Elections, Pressure Groups and Rights :Edexcel
  • Parties Unit 1 Edexcel
  • Partisanship
  • Party Decline and Party Renewal
  • Party Decline and Party Renewal
  • McCutcheon v FEC
  • Brock Reforms
  • Party Discipline and Elective Dictatorship
  • Party realignment and dealignment
  • Personal learning checklists- created by John Gibbs
  • Personal qualities of US Presidents
  • Peter Hennessy
  • Philip Norton
  • PM and Executive
  • PM Government or Cabinet Government
  • Politics Review Article Robert Singh
  • Pork Barrel
  • Power without Persuasion: Ways around Congress
  • precedents
  • Prerogative Powers
  • Pressure groups and participation
  • Types of Pressure Groups
  • How pressure groups exert influence
  • Case study: Tobacco lobbying and Rishi Sunak
  • Prime Minister and Executive
  • Case study David Cameron
  • Case Study Tony Blair
  • Prime Minister’s Questions
  • privilege
  • Progressive v Reactionary
  • Questions to Ministers
  • Race and Rights in Contemporary US Politics
  • Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
  • Racialism
  • Rational v Irrational
  • Recruitment and training of ministers
  • Referendums and how they are used
  • Reforms since 2015
  • Relations Between the Branches
  • Relations between the branches
  • Representation
  • split-ticket voting
  • Representation
  • Representative Democracy
  • Revision Summary Party Factions and Policies
  • Immigration USA
  • Health Care USA
  • The Tea Party
  • Debt and deficit
  • Revolving-door syndrome
  • Revolving Door UK
  • Case study Revolving door UK Greensill and David Cameron
  • Riley v California 2014
  • Rules Committee
  • Scrutiny and Oversight
  • Secondary Legislation
  • Secondary Legislation
  • Self Determination
  • Separation of powers
  • Shelby v Holder 2013
  • Should England have a Parliament
  • Should the Constitution still be reformed?
  • The Rise and Fall of British Democracy
  • Should the voting age be reduced to 16?
  • Similarities and differences
  • Single European Act and the Four Freedoms
  • site link
  • Socialism Edexcel
  • Stare Decisis
  • Statute law
  • Strengths a weaknesses of the nominating process
  • Strengths and weaknesses of the nominating process
  • Strict and loose constructionalism
  • Sufferagists and Sufferagettes
  • Supreme Court Appointments Process
  • the 11 Day Rule
  • The advantages and disadvantages of Representative Democracy
  • The advantages and disadvantages of the nominating process
  • The Amendment Process
  • The Amendment Process
  • The Appointment process for the Supreme Court
  • Case study Jackson, Ketanji Brown 2022
  • The bully pulpit
  • The Cabinet
  • The Cabinet and the Prime Minister
  • The changing cabinet
  • The Case for Reform
  • The consequences of federalism
  • The Constitution since 1997
  • The Core Executive Model
  • The Customs Union
  • The Development of the EU
  • The Election of 2010
  • The Electoral College
  • The electoral college favours white voters
  • The electoral mandate
  • The enumerated powers
  • The EU and member states: power over some key policy areas
  • The EU and the UK
  • The impact of the EU on the fundamental principles of the UK constitution a
  • The evolution of federalism
  • The Executive Office of the President
  • The Executive Office of the President
  • The Executive Office of the President
  • The factors governing the prime minister's selection of ministers
  • The Five main Sources
  • Relations between the UK and devolved governments
  • The appointment of the prime minister by the monarch
  • The Functions of Congress:
  • Subpoena of Steve Bannon
  • The Functions of Elections-
  • The Functions of Parliament
  • Debates in Parliament
  • The growth and development of the Presidency
  • Case Study: Why did Trump win in 2024?
  • Women did not rescue Kamala's campaign
  • The impact of social media
  • Kamala was the wrong candidate to beat Trump
  • Vice Presidents dont do well in elections for the Presidency
  • Let's not forget misogyny and racism
  • Trump appealed to men.
  • Minorities moved towards Trump
  • Immigration
  • 'It's the economy, stupid!'
  • Take Trump seriously but not literally.
  • The MAGA Cult
  • Joe Rogan
  • The imapct of social media.
  • The Culture War
  • Income inequality
  • The decline in social mobility
  • Trump and the rise of populism
  • Trump is the result of a loss of confidence in democracy
  • Trump is the result of a constitutional Crisis
  • democracy and why we shouldn’t be surprised.
  • The History and development of Rights in the UK
  • Equality Act 2010
  • The history of voting rights
  • The Human Rights Act
  • The impact of the EU on the UK
  • The implied powers
  • The implied powers
  • The importance of presidential debates
  • The influence of interest groups on democracy
  • The influence of the Supreme Court on the Executive and Parliament
  • Case Study: Shamima Begum (2021)
  • Case Study: AM (Zimbabwe) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (202
  • Case Study:Joanna Cherry/Gina Miller case 2019
  • Is the UK Supreme Court too political?
  • Case study Miller v Sec of State for Exiting the EU 2016
  • The Instutuional Predensdency: Vice Presidency,Cabinet and Executive office.
  • The Invisible Primary
  • The Labour Party
  • Labour Party factions
  • Clause IV
  • Post Thatcher Consensus
  • The Living Constitution
  • The Localism Act 2011
  • The location of sovereignty in the UK
  • The location of sovereignty in the UK
  • The Main Characteristics of US federalism
  • Moore v Harper
  • Power Point Federalism
  • The nature and role of the Supreme Court
  • Dissenting Opinions are letters to the future
  • The nature of the US Constitution
  • The New Right
  • The politics of federalism
  • The powers and organisation of the Executive
  • The Ministerial Code
  • Patronage
  • The powers of the Lords and Commons compared
  • The Presidency
  • The principles of the US Constitution - their effectiveness today
  • The Supreme Court as referee
  • Gridlock
  • Vagueness and silence in the Constitution
  • Case study Funding for Ukraine
  • Trump v Vance (2020)
  • The protection of Civil Liberties and Rights in the USA today
  • Roe V Wade
  • Whole Woman’s Health v Hellerstedt
  • Shelby County v Holder
  • Plessy v Ferguson
  • The relationship between Parliament and the Government?
  • Theories of Parliamentary Power
  • The relationship between the Government and Parliament
  • The relationship between the Government and Parliament
  • The relationship between the presidency and Congress
  • The relationship between the president and the Supreme Court
  • Guns in the USA
  • Supreme Court Won’t Extend Wisconsin’s Deadline for Mailed Ballots
  • The role and significance of the opposition
  • The Role of Backbench MPs
  • The role of campaign finance
  • The role of incumbency
  • The Role of Select Committees
  • . Evaluate the view that select committees are the most effective way for
  • Humble Address
  • Case Study: Test and Trace
  • The role of the Supreme Court UK
  • Can asylum seekers be sent to Rwanda
  • The Rule of Law
  • The Salisbury Convention
  • The Scotland Act 2016
  • The structure and organisation of Parliament Commons and Lords.
  • How to become an MP
  • The structure of Congress:
  • The structure of the Constitution
  • The Supreme Court
  • The Supreme Court and Public Policy
  • Ghost Guns United States v. Rahimi
  • Fischer v. United States
  • Trump cases 2024
  • Trump v USA
  • Case study Trump & the Supreme Court
  • Gun Control
  • Immigration
  • Health
  • National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius
  • Marriage
  • United States v Windsor (2013)
  • Abortion
  • Oklahoma Executes Prisoner After Supreme Court Overturns Stay
  • Miranda v Arizona 1966.
  • Brown v The Board of Education
  • The Supreme Court decision on the Article 50 Case
  • The Supreme Court influence and power
  • The timeline story of Brexit
  • The UK Constitution
  • The UK: 'A distinctive Constitution'
  • Union State
  • The UK Constitution
  • The UK Constitution and its sources
  • The UK Courts System
  • The US Cabinet
  • The Veto
  • Theories of Representation
  • There is no agreed definition of Parliament's functions
  • Think Tanks
  • Tony Blair Prime Minister or President The Guardian 2005
  • Traditional Conservatism
  • treaties
  • UK Political Parties The main three
  • Ultra Vires
  • unanimity and qualified majority voting
  • Unentrenched / Uncodified
  • Unit 1 AS & A level : check lists of essential knowledge for Edexcel
  • Unit 2 AS & A level
  • Unit 3 A level Only USA & Comparative
  • Unit 3 Comparative USA (Year 13)
  • Unitary
  • US Constitution and Federalism
  • Comparison: UK and US Constitutions
  • US Presidency
  • Case study OBAMA
  • Too Big to Fail: The Bank Bail out
  • The Impeachment of Trump
  • The Pardon Power
  • Comparison: PM & President
  • US Supreme Court and Civil Rights
  • Case Study: The American Federalist Society and the Supreme Court
  • Comparison: Civil Rights UK & USA
  • Natural Rights
  • Comparison USA & UK Supreme Court
  • USA Congress
  • USA Constitution
  • USA Democracy & Participation
  • USA Supreme Court
  • USA The Presidency
  • Vice Presidency
  • What has Kamala Harris done as vice president?
  • President Pro Tempore
  • Voting Behaviour
  • Voting Behaviour :Edexcel
  • Voting behaviour,turnout and gerrymandering
  • Registration Procedures
  • What are Ministerial and Collective Responsibility?
  • Site logo image Level 5 Response – Evaluate the view that IMR and CMR are
  • What should be done to reform the system
  • E Petitions
  • Recall of MPs Act 2015
  • Who runs foreign policy, the president or Congress?
  • Whole Woman's Health v Hellerstedt 2016
  • Why and to what extent have the Judiciary and the government come into conflict in recent years?
  • Wider Reading New York Times on Originalism
  • Wider Reading: Why did Trump win 2016 by Anthony Bennett
  • Works of Authority
  • Year 13 Nationalism
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