Meritocracy
Literally, rule by those with merit, merit being intelligence plus effort; a society in which social position is determined exclusively by ability and hard work.
In a liberal state that values individualism, the next key principle is that political power should be held by those who prove themselves deserving of it. This means that government should be led by individuals who have earned the trust of the people through their abilities and efforts. As a result, there is no assurance that power will simply pass down to the next generation of current leaders; their successors must also show competence and integrity.
This meritocratic approach contrasts sharply with traditional states. In earlier systems, especially before the Enlightenment, power was often inherited, prioritizing family background over personal skill. Thomas Paine noted during the justification of the French Revolution that hereditary rule lacked fairness, logic, and wisdom. Thus, aristocracy does not fit within the meritocratic framework supported by philosophers like Locke and Mill.
While classical liberals advocate for a strict meritocracy based on fairness and motivation, modern liberals argue that true equality of opportunity can only exist if wealth disparities are kept relatively small.